Publication date: October 29, 2025
The Polish defense technology sector (defense-tech) is developing dynamically, with a growing number of startups engaging in dual-use projects—civilian and military. Collaboration between these entities and public institutions and acceleration programs is becoming increasingly common, fostering innovation and strengthening the country’s defense potential. In its 2030 strategy, the North Atlantic Alliance recognized dual- use technologies as the foundation of its future strategic advantage, launching initiatives such as the NATO Innovation Fund and the DIANA program. Meanwhile, the European Commission presented the Digital Europe program and Horizon Europe. Furthermore, in 2022, the European Investment Bank introduced significant policy changes by including dual- use projects in its portfolio. The Polish Ministry of National Defence implements programmes such as “Urgent Innovation Need” and “East Shield”, and the Polish Development Fund supports projects with dual-use potential by implementing the IDA project together with the Ministry of National Defence, PGZ SA, the Kraków Technology Park and the Gdańsk Science and Technology Park.
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Publication date: October 23, 2025
Using a specific image without the author’s consent means using images, photos, illustrations, or other graphic materials created by someone else without obtaining the appropriate consent for such use. Examples of illegal use of a graphic include sharing graphic materials without the author’s consent, using a graphic for commercial purposes (on websites) without obtaining the appropriate license, using someone else’s work as your own (posting it on your own social media profile), or modifying a graphic without obtaining the author’s consent.
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Publication date: October 23, 2025
Personal data breach – definition
Any activity that involves the processing of personally identifiable information is considered personal data processing. However, it’s important to remember that GDPR regulations do not apply to activities undertaken solely for personal or household purposes.
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Publication date: October 23, 2025
Recently, administrative courts have been considering the possibility of imposing VAT obligations on individuals and companies providing services via the SaaS model. This article provides an analysis of the nature of the SaaS model, its advantages and disadvantages, the legal obligations associated with it for both users and service providers and the latest administrative court case law related to this model.
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Publication date: October 23, 2025
DATASETS AND SYNTHETIC DATA
Creating and developing an AI model requires an unimaginable amount of data. Once input, the model analyzes the information, performs calculations, and draws conclusions based on this data that informs its future operations. Comparing this process to that of humans, one could say that AI “learns” in this way. AI systems are trained on numerous examples and draw model patterns from them, allowing them to predict correct solutions. This process is called “AI training”. Data is currently so expensive and difficult to access that it is estimated that it may be in short supply by 2032. The answer to these problems is synthetic data. This data is generated by the AI itself, which uses parameters from real-world data and randomly generates subsequent scenarios. These scenarios are designed to faithfully reproduce the properties, complexities, and relationships observed in the original data from which they were generated. There are certain risks involved. First of all, it is about creating synthetic data based on erroneous assumptions from real data – with the continuous introduction of new real data, previous errors can be corrected and artificial intelligence will be able to “unlearn” them, whereas if the first synthetic data generated is “contaminated”, each subsequent one will also contain erroneous information. The undoubted advantage of synthetic data is that it can be used to generate subsequent scenarios that may not actually occur at all or very rarely. This is used in industries such as automotive (for simulating traffic scenarios), finance (detecting fraud), and healthcare (detecting and treating rare conditions).
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