Publication date: February 18, 2025

The classically understood merger and acquisition in Polish legal doctrine concern issues closely related to private economic law. In the classical understanding of these concepts, a merger is a combination of two or more companies as a result of which they create one entity. A takeover also occurs in the Polish legal system, but this institution differs from a merger. As a result of a takeover, no new legal entity is created, and the acquiring company gains control over the assets and activities of the acquired company. Both institutions are regulated by the Commercial Companies Code, where both of these institutions are regulated in Title IV of the aforementioned code. The M&A can also be understood more broadly, as the purchase of technology or organised part of the enterprise.

More

Publication date: February 17, 2025

What is user tracking and how common is it?

Tracking users online is a complex process of collecting and analyzing data about Internet users’ online activities. This includes monitoring websites visited, interactions with content, search terms, and other actions taken online. The main goal of this process is to create detailed user profiles that allow for content personalization, precise advertising targeting, and in-depth analysis of consumer behavior. Online tracking methods are based on many techniques, such as:

a/ Cookies: These are small text files saved on users’ devices by visiting a website. They enable remembering preferences and tracking movement between websites. Using this type of file allows maintaining the user’s session of the website after logging in, so that the user does not have to re-enter their login and password on each subpage. The types of cookies currently used are temporary files and permanent files. Temporary files are stored until the page is closed, and permanent files are stored for a specified period of time specified by the parameter contained in the “cookie” file. Currently, web browsers include an option that allows the user to clear cookies.

More

Publication date: February 12, 2025

What are Loot boxes

Loot boxes are boxes in a virtual environment to be purchased through micropayments (e.g.: in games) or premium currency, with the help of which the user draws a digital item that changes the appearance of the character or items (so-called skins) or items that can affect the course of the game. Loot box can be understood as an element of computer games, virtual boxes containing randomly selected virtual items that make it easier for the player to move to the next levels of the game. They can be purchased for real money using micropayments or for virtual money earned in the game. [1] To better illustrate, we can give the example of the game Counter Strike 2. In this game, after finishing the game, the player can receive a box, which requires a key to open, costing about $ 2.50. When the player buys this key, by transferring his money, he can draw a “skin” for the weapon, which changes its appearance and has a specific value expressed in different currencies. As a curiosity, we can say that the most expensive “skin” for this game is worth 400 thousand dollars [2].

More

Publication date: January 28, 2025

The European Defence Industry Programme (EDIP) is a strategic initiative of the European Union aimed at strengthening the European defence technological and industrial base (European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB). EDIP is a continuation of previous programmes such as the European Defence Fund (EDF) and the European Defence Industrial Development Programme (EDIDP). This programme was developed in response to the growing security challenges in Europe and the need to increase the strategic autonomy of the European Union. EDIP supports the development of advanced defence technologies, increases the competitiveness of the defence sector in the EU and promotes cross-border cooperation between Member States in the field of military research, development and production. Its overarching objective is to create conditions for increasing the defence capabilities of EU countries while ensuring more efficient use of financial and technological resources.

More

Publication date: January 23, 2025

Introduction

The biotech industry thrives on innovation, with intellectual property (IP) serving as a cornerstone for protecting breakthroughs and attracting investment. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) provide legal mechanisms for safeguarding inventions, processes, and proprietary information, offering companies the tools to protect their most valuable assets.

 For biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, IP is a critical driver of value, enabling financial rewards, market positioning, and investor confidence. While IPRs have a significant impact on all aspects of innovation, their relevance is particularly pronounced in downstream activities such as commercialization, manufacturing, and market access. Startups and established biotech firms alike must understand and leverage IPRs to ensure competitive advantages and long-term sustainability.

More