KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI is honoured to present a piece of artwork which is a watercolour by the Polish artist colorQ, who is supported by our law firm KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI as a part of one of the iSTART1® programs of our law firm. We have donated many of his works.
The artist focuses the work on motifs referring to the financial bull markets. This is watercolour technique on 100% cotton paper. The technique involves watercolour with professional SMITH and Schmincke paints, including dry pastels from Manufaktura Wełna and Rembrandt, and gilding with 23 carat Russian yellow gold and 22 carat gold (moon gold or champagne gold with an admixture of copper). The technique involves gold gilding with gold leaves.
New obligations of issuers of asset-linked tokens and e-money-linked tokens and crypto-asset service providers
Assumptions and purpose of the draft act on crypto assets
The draft act on crypto-assets is intended to implement into national regulations Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 May 2023 on crypto-assets markets and amending Regulations (EU) No. 1093/2010 and (EU) No. 1095/2010 and Directives 2013/36/EU and (EU) 2019/1937 (Journal of Laws EU. L. of 2023, No. 150, p. 40, as amended) (hereinafter: MiCA) specifying the principles of emission regulation and supervision, trading and providing services related to cryptocurrencies. The regulation has been in force since June 29, 2023, but will become fully applicable only in December 2024. The draft act provides for the introduction of new solutions in the area of the crypto-assets market sector, aimed at implementing the tasks arising from the MiCA regulation, in particular in the field of effective supervision and investor protection. According to the legislator, taking actions aimed at implementing the above-mentioned objectives will ensure long-term market development and security by extending supervisory competences. The Undersecretary of State of the Ministry of Finance is responsible for the draft act.
In the face of changing regulations and court practices, the issue of liability of management board members for the tax liabilities of limited liability companies, even after their formal dismissal, constitutes a significant challenge for legal practice. The latest case law, including the final judgment of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court, sheds new light on the interpretation of the provisions regarding the scope and conditions of this liability. Analysis of these judgments, in the context of Art. 116 paragraph 1 and 2 of the Polish Tax Ordinance and the Commercial Companies Code, reveals that dismissal from the management board is not in itself a sufficient basis for exemption from liability if actual actions prove the continuation of performing the function. In the context of company management, it is crucial to monitor changes in case law and legal regulations that may affect the interpretation of the duties and responsibilities of management board members. New court decisions may bring changes in the understanding of company management regulations, emphasizing the importance of appropriate documentation and procedures. For managers and legal advisors, continuous monitoring and adaptation to current legal requirements becomes an essential element of effective risk management and avoiding potential legal consequences.
This article was prepared by KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI based on legal assistance provided to clients operating in language models and synthetic data in technology transactions.
Natural language generation
Natural language processing (NLP) involves enabling computers to understand human language in written and oral form. This process covers many fields such as computer science, artificial intelligence, linguistics and data science.
To establish a limited liability company, the establishment of a management board is required. All members of the management board are required to sign the application for entry of the company into the register. One of the first obligations of the management board is to report the formation of the company to the appropriate registry court. Remaining a member of the management board involves a number of different duties that the member must fulfill.
Duty to represent the company and manage its affairs
