Laughing gas, or nitrous oxide (N2O), is legal in Poland and used exclusively for medical purposes by authorized entities such as hospitals and private clinics. Its medical uses include anesthesia during dental, surgical, and gynecological procedures, as well as pain management. In medicine, nitrous oxide is considered a medical device or medicinal product, depending on its use and form. In medical practice, it is a medicinal gas used under the supervision of qualified personnel, meaning its sale and use are strictly regulated. In Poland, nitrous oxide is available in pharmacies and pharmaceutical wholesalers, but only by prescription and to medical entities.
Traditionally, Polish administrative procedures guaranteed the ability to communicate with the public authorities through conventional and traditional channels, i.e., in writing or in person. However, Poland has recently made a significant technological leap in the way businesses communicate with regulatory authorities. After January 1, 2025, in accordance with applicable regulations, this communication relies largely on electronic communication – both with the central government administration, central offices, and institutions regulating the modern technology, industrial, financial, pharmaceutical, energy, and, above all, TMT sectors.
In this article attention will be paid to the valuation of the company’s shares:
When is a stock valued at the day’s price?
When is a stock valued at its mid-year average price?
The topic will be analyzed from an economic perspective. Additionally, these aspects will include situations in which one of the previously mentioned valuations is used and why it works well in those situations.
Stock Valuation
Stock valuation is a key process for investors, allowing them to assess investment risk and helping them decide whether to buy or sell a stock. There are several stock valuation methods that provide information about whether a company is undervalued or overvalued.
EMIR (European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EU) 2017/1899 is a regulation of the Council of the European Union and of the European Parliament on over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, central counterparties and trade repositories. The regulation aims to increase the safety and stability of financial markets in Europe and prevent financial crises.
Dynamic technological advancements have led modern businesses to operate in ways unforeseen decades ago. Computerization, in particular, without which modern business operations are inconceivable, has effectively broadened the horizons of many entrepreneurs, while simultaneously leaving room for abuse by cybercriminals. The protection of data stored on companies’ internal servers has become crucial. It should be noted that despite the efforts of both EU and national authorities, new threats are emerging in the field of personal data protection law, which may lead to violations not only of general provisions on the protection of personal rights but also of many other legal disciplines, such as copyright. The unprecedented mass digitization of artistic works has resulted in the inclusion of records of paintings, photographs, films, music, architectural designs, and many other manifestations of creative activity as data. From this perspective, the phenomenon of data laundering takes on a unique character and carries with it new threats.
