An important part of the tasks of the Polish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tarification is the evaluation of medicines. The recommendations/positions and opinions issued mostly concern medicinal products. Pharmaceutical technologies are evaluated at the Agency at the request of the Polish Minister of Health.
In the Polish health system, citizens’ access to medical technologies (pharmaceuticals, medical devices, medical procedures and organizational systems) is regulated by the insurer – the National Health Fund – based on a technology assessment. Health Technology Assessment is of increasing importance in medical technology reimbursement decision-making, providing a rational basis for these decisions.
The Guidelines for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (Version 3.0) indicate how the evaluation of pharmaceuticals should take place:
The market for services related to sales via the Internet is constantly growing. During the pandemic and the related to it restrictions, the demand for remote sale of goods increased significantly. This also necessitated the rapid creation and development of online shops. Traditional Content Management Systems (CMS) tie all layers of the programme together. Headless e-commerce technology separates the layer visible to the user (front-end of the application) from the code dealing with logic and integration of server-side functions (back-end of the application) and the database containing information about the prices of the products offered in the shop, their images and descriptions. These layers are separated from each other, but have contact with each other through the Application Programming Interface (API). In this way, although externally the application looks homogeneous, it actually consists of three parts that interact with each other. This structure allows independence from the solution provider, as the vendor deals only with the front-end layer, visible to the customer, and does not have to interfere with the entire code.
Advantages and disadvantages of headless e-commerce
A power of attorney enables participants in proceedings to authorise other persons, in particular persons with a professional background, to represent them before the court, which undoubtedly speeds up and streamlines the entire proceedings. In Poland, it is regulated by the Code of Civil Procedure.
According to art. 89, a document of the power of attorney, with the principal’s signature or a certified copy thereof, shall be attached to the case files at the first procedural action (first pleading). However, after the commencement of the proceedings, it may also be granted orally at a court session by making a statement and enclosing it to the transcript of the hearing. There is no provision in the Code of Civil Procedure governing the content of the power of attorney document. However, it is assumed, that the document should specify the person of the proxy and the principal, as well as its subject matter – whether it is a general, or to conduct particular cases or to perform certain procedural actions. Particularly controversial is the fact that the Polish Code does not impose an obligation to indicate the place or date of preparation of the power of attorney document. In practice, however, it is assumed, that the date of issuance of the document should be indicated.
Online betting in Poland is legal as long as it is run by entities that meet the statutory criteria. Pursuant to Article 5(1b) of the amended Polish Gambling Act of 19 November 2009 (Journal of Laws of 2018, item 165), the organisation of gambling games over the Internet, with the exception of pari-mutuel betting and promotional lotteries, is covered by the State monopoly.
This means that online bookmakers can still legally operate with a whole range of payment methods and are not subject to a state monopoly.
HOW TO OPEN A BOOKMAKING BUSINESS IN POLAND?
On the territory of Poland, only bookmakers who have obtained a licence issued by the Polish Ministry of Finance and thus have complied with the laws in force in Poland may accept bookmaker bets.
Legal bookmakers in Poland must meet a number of requirements in order to conduct sports betting. As stated in the Polish Gambling Act, bookmakers may offer their services in Poland only if the Polish Minister of Finance grants them a licence to conduct such activities.
KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG Legal attended a conference on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), including the deposit and deposit system, as well as the implementation of the Single Use Plastics (SUP) Directive.
EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR)
EPR is a producer-focused mechanism that aims to reduce waste, particularly plastic waste, by increasing recycling and decreasing dependency on new raw materials. EPR moves the cost of managing post-use products partially or fully from local governments to the producing industry.
A key assumption of EPR is to consider the whole “life cycle” of products, i.e. from design, production and use to proper waste management. “Life cycle” includes designers, manufacturers, distributors (including product marketing), vendors, and customers/consumers. The EPR concept also assumes that appropriate economic incentives can turn waste into a valuable raw material, which should be thought about from the design stage.
